There was a time when I used legacy commands to do my daily duties. Most of you have at least used them once or more: stuff like dcpromo.exe, comp.exe, netdom.exe, xcopy.exe, tasklist.exe and taskkill.exe. It was a time when the Windows system administrators where the laughing stocks of Unix sysadmins, and for a good reason! Our skils were limited by the possibilities of the graphical user interface and we had a limited understanding of the way those old black boxes (read NT4, Windows 2000, 2003) worked under the hood. The console was just a joke, which we barely used to do a few ipconfigs or pings.
Today Microsoft is opening. There are new possibilities: Virtualization was a great (or giant?) step forward. The Cloud brought a new way of thinking to datas and to system administration. Interconnecting systems requires today a greater view of what's behind our operating systems. That's how I came to Windows Powershell. I wanted something better to do my job. I wanted to open and learn a way of managing computers which could give me satisfaction beyond that upsetting mouse clicking. Something that could make me feel prouder.
Powershell was the answer to this. A plyayful tool which in good hands can give great results.
Let me take an example: FSMO roles.
We all have an Active Directory out there indexing users, computers and resources. In these old times when you wanted to check what were the holders for each and every role you had to move down to the console and run something like this:
netdom query fsmo Schema master labdc01.contoso.com Domain naming master labdc01.contoso.com PDC labdc01.contoso.com RID pool manager labdc01.contoso.com Infrastructure master labdc01.contoso.com The command completed successfully.
Very static. I don't even want to show you how long and intricated was the procedure to learn how to move or seize those roles in case you needed to.
Today with Powershell we have a new way to manage those FSMO roles and make those Flexible Single Master Roles more... flexible! I want to show you now a few lines of code that are used to shuffle around your domain controllers the FSMO roles at random.
But a bit of theory first.
There are five roles: two at forest level and three at domain level. The Schema Master is the first Forest role and is in charge of keeping a writable copy of the Schema partition. The Domain Naming Master is the second forest role and keeps a writeable copy of the Configuration partition (that is the place where the logical view of your domains and trusts and the physical view of your Active Directory sites are stored). Then, at Domain level, there is the PDC Emulator, which manages time synchronization between clients and DCs (have ever heard about the 5 minutes kerberos ticket lifetime?), as well as GPO edition. The RID Master, which gives RID scopes to other DCs in the Domain. And the Infrastructure Master, which manages groups coherency between domains.
The two Forest roles can be found with Get-AdForest:
Get-ADForest | Select-Object SchemaMaster,DomainNamingMaster SchemaMaster DomainNamingMaster ------------ ------------------ labdc01.contoso.com labdc01.contoso.com
The three Domain roles can be found with Get-AdDomain:
Get-ADDomain | Select-Object PDCEmulator,RIDMaster,InfrastructureMaster PDCEmulator RIDMaster InfrastructureMaster ----------- --------- -------------------- labdc01.contoso.com labdc01.contoso.com labdc01.contoso.com
Once you know that a list of all your domain controllers can be generated with:
Get-ADDomainController -filter * | select -ExpandProperty Name
then you can put in place a powerful oneliner that moves each FSMO role to a random DC in less than a second. Like shuffling and serving cards for a game, but with FSMO roles instead:
0..4 | % {Move-ADDirectoryServerOperationMasterRole -Identity (Get-Random (Get-ADDomainController -filter * | select -ExpandProperty Name)) -OperationMasterRole $PSItem -Confirm:$False -Verbose}
Notice the 0..4 | % {}. This is a quick way to index the five FSMO roles without having to manually write them down: Powershell will make the translation for you:
- PDCEmulator: 0
- RIDMaster: 1
- InfrastructureMaster: 2
- SchemaMaster: 3
- DomainNamingMaster: 4
Here's the result:
Now I could be willing to play more and shuffle my FSMO roles around every day, then send me an e-mail in case I loose a DC, so that I know what roles were on it in that particular moment. I would store the e-mail in a dedicated folder and have an history of all role moves in my Domain.
Now I could be willing to play more and shuffle my FSMO roles around every day, then send me an e-mail in case I loose a DC, so that I know what roles were on it in that particular moment. I would store the e-mail in a dedicated folder and have an history of all role moves in my Domain.
Let's prepare the e-mail. The ingredients here are a couple of variables, a bit of splatting, a PSObject and a connection to a valid mail server:
$ForestFSMORoles = Get-ADForest | Select-Object SchemaMaster,DomainNamingMaster
$DomainFSMORoles = Get-ADDomain | Select-Object PDCEmulator,RIDMaster,InfrastructureMaster
$FSMORoles = New-Object PSObject -Property @{
InfrastructureMaster = $DomainFSMORoles.InfrastructureMaster
PDCEmulator = $DomainFSMORoles.PDCEmulator
RIDMaster = $DomainFSMORoles.RIDMaster
DomainNamingMaster = $ForestFSMORoles.DomainNamingMaster
SchemaMaster = $ForestFSMORoles.SchemaMaster
}
$EmailSplatting = @{
To = 'administrator@contoso.com'
From = 'administrator@contoso.com'
Subject = "FSMO Roles owners of the day for $((Get-AdForest).Name)"
Body = $FSMORoles | ConvertTo-Html | Out-String
SMTPServer = 'smtp.contoso.com'
BodyAsHtml = $True
}
Send-MailMessage @EmailSplatting
Just put the code in a .ps1, put the ps1 in a scheduled task and you're done.
What do you think? Funny, isn't it? Of course I am not reponsible of what you do with your FSMO roles. I am just showing the power of Powershell and the fun it is to make the most out of it. Limited only by our imagination.
